Most people experience some pain after undergoing surgery. It’s part of the healing process and generally subsides as your tissues repair themselves. However, it’s not that simple if you’re recovering from an amputation.
Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy
“After the initial post-surgical pain subsides, you may experience several types of sensations,” says pain management specialist Robert Bolash, MD. “Some might be painful and unpleasant and others might be strange and disconcerting.”
Doctors can help amputation patients control these sensations early on to limit long-term problems with post-amputation pain.
Amputation is sometimes necessary in cases of trauma — such as injuries from car accidents or military combat. Some medical conditions also progress to a point where amputation is necessary and people with vascular disease, diabetes and even certain tumors may eventually need an amputation.
Types of post-amputation sensations
“After the initial surgical incision and deeper tissues have healed, many amputees report sensations associated with the removed limb,” says Dr. Bolash. “It’s important to differentiate between the types of sensations in order to understand and treat them.”
1. Phantom sensation
Sometimes you may feel that a removed body part is still in place.
“It can be an arm or a leg, but can even happen with those who have breast cancer and have had a mastectomy,” says Dr. Bolash. “These women sometimes have a sensation that the breast is still there.”
A person experiencing telescoping has the feeling their missing limb is still there, but that it has shrunk to a very small size, similar to a collapsed telescope. There’s no mention of pain with this common type of sensation, but it is unnerving. Most patients experience phantom sensations of some sort within six months of an amputation.
2. Phantom pain
Patients experiencing this sensation report an actual feeling of pain, ranging from mild to severe, in the missing body part. Patients often feel pressure, itching or even burning.
“Although amputations have occurred throughout human history, phantom pain first became clearly defined by a Civil War physician,” says Dr. Bolash. “This physician noted that as many as 90% of soldiers with limbs amputated during wartime developed some degree of phantom pain.”
About 95% of patients report feeling amputation-related pain and 80% feel phantom pain.
“It’s difficult to pin down the precise frequency because patients often are reluctant to report it,” he says. “It’s very real to them, but they can clearly look and see that the limb is gone, so they worry that their physician might begin to doubt their sanity.”
3. Residual limb pain
This type of pain occurs in the part of the limb that’s left behind — often referred to as the stump — after the amputation.
“At the amputation site, some people develop a neuroma,” says Dr. Bolash. “This occurs when a cut nerve ending forms a tiny ball on its end during healing or gets trapped in the suture line when the surgeon closes the incision.”
This is not phantom pain, but pain originating from the stump. Poorly fitting prosthetics or limb bruising can cause residual limb pain as well.
Five techniques for managing post-amputation pain
The success of treatment for post-amputation pain depends on your level of pain and the various mechanisms playing a role in causing the pain. While your surgeon may suggest beginning small exercises or managing your stress levels, there are five treatment techniques that go beyond the basics.
Here are five of the most effective treatment techniques:
- Mirror box therapy: The patient actually watches in a mirror while receiving physical therapy to re-map the brain’s neural pathways to register that the limb is no longer there. They feel the imaginary movement of the removed limb behaving as the normal movement through a mirror. This type of physical therapy with proven efficacy for patients with post-amputation pain.
- Local injection therapy: The physician injects a local pain-blocking agent at the amputation site. This can calm the painful signals sent by the nerve endings to the brain.
- Non-opiate analgesic: These prescription pain medications slow or limit how the painful nerves send signals to the brain.
- Deep brain stimulation: In this technique, a surgeon places tiny electrodes directly on the surface of the brain to help attenuate pain with electrical impulses.
- Neurostimulation: This technique involves placing an electrical device near the nerves traveling to the amputated extremity. Rather than blocking the nerve signals, it sends a pleasant signal through the nerve. Patients can control the neurostimulation unit via a small wireless remote control.
Don’t hesitate to get help
If you’re dealing with post-amputation sensations, it’s crucial to discuss it with your doctor immediately. Early treatment by an experienced pain management expert can reduce the chances that the problem will develop into something more severe in the future.
