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We know to guard our skin against frostbite by covering up when we go outside in sub-freezing temperatures.

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But extreme cold also can impact vital organs, such as the heart and lungs. For example, cold can make your heart beat faster, which makes your blood pressure go up, says interventional cardiologist Leslie Cho, MD.

“It’s really how the body reacts to the cold,” Dr. Cho says. “The body’s first reaction is to try to keep warm. So blood vessels constrict to keep in the heat. The heart also beats faster, which can increase blood pressure. All of that can have an impact on the heart.”

Hypothermia and the heart

A severe wind chill only makes things harder on your heart because the wind can steal even more body heat, which could lead to hypothermia, Dr. Cho says.

Hypothermia is when your body’s core temperature falls to lower than 95 degrees. It occurs when your body can’t produce enough energy to keep the internal body temperature warm enough. Symptoms include lack of coordination, mental confusion, slowed reactions, shivering and sleepiness.

For people with underlying heart disease, the extra work your body has to do to stay warm could cause chest pain and possibly even a heart attack, Dr. Cho says.

If this is you, be sure to discuss exercise guidelines with your physician, especially strenuous activity, she adds.

But even experienced winter sports enthusiasts who don’t take certain precautions can suffer accidental hypothermia. Heart failure is the cause of most hypothermia-related deaths, according to the American Heart Association.

Your heart is under even greater stress when you combine cold weather with a vigorous activity like shoveling snow or walking through heavy, wet snow or snow drifts. Take frequent rest breaks during shoveling so you don’t overstress your heart.

You should treat this type of strenuous work as you would vigorous exercise.

So it’s important to stay well hydrated by drinking fluids and to dress warmly, she says.

Cold air and your lungs

Cold air also can impact your breathing – especially if you have a lung disease like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

For people with COPD, cold air can trigger spasms in the lung, creating symptoms similar to an asthma attack, says pulmonologist Rachel Taliercio, DO.

“You might be more breathless, or feel out of breath, you might cough or start to wheeze. You also may feel a bit of tightness in the chest,” Dr. Taliercio says. “All of these can be signs that you should get indoors.”

Both doctors agree it’s important to dress warmly when the mercury drops and that layers are a good way to insulate your body. The layers trap warm air next to your body.

It’s also a good idea to wear a hat so heat doesn’t escape through your head. Cover your nose and mouth with a scarf so the air is warm before it enters your lungs.