Low Heart Rate: What It Is and When to Worry

You expect your body to slow down a bit as you age, but if the same slowing happens with your heart, is that a good or a bad thing?

A slow heart rate (or a low heart rate) is known as bradycardia and occurs frequently in older adults.

“As people get older, there is occasional normal wear and tear on the electrical system of the heart,” says cardiologist Jose Baez-Escudero, MD. “As a result, the normal rhythm tends to slow down.”

Dr. Baez-Escudero shares when to worry about low heart rate — and the signs and symptoms to watch for.

What is a low heart rate?

What does a low heart rate mean? Doctors consider a low heart rate to be 60 beats per minute (bpm) and below. In fact, if you have bradycardia, you’ll have a low resting heart rate below 60, even when you’re awake and active. In contrast, a normal range is 60 to 100 bpm while awake.

It’s very possible to have a slow heart rate and experience no symptoms. However, if you have symptoms but ignore them, it can sometimes cause more serious problems.

Consult a healthcare provider if you’re experiencing some of these symptoms and you have an associated slow heart rate:

• Lack of energy.
• Low stamina.
• Dizziness.
• Weakness.
• Chest pains.
• Confusion/memory problems.
• Heart palpitations or flutters.

What heart rate is too low? If your heart rate is slow (below 60 bmp), but you don’t have symptoms, there’s no reason to worry. But it’s a good idea to know the signs of trouble because bradycardia in some cases does require treatment.

For example, if your heart rate drops into the 30s, you might not get enough oxygen to your brain, making fainting, lightheadedness and shortness of breath possible. Blood can also pool in your heart chambers, causing congestive heart failure.

Do low heart rate ranges change with age/activity?

For most people who are younger, highly trained athletes and people who work out regularly, a low heart rate while exercising — defined as below 60 bpm — is normal and healthy. If you’re physically active, your heart pumps blood more efficiently.

The same goes for your nightly snooze. It’s normal to have a low heart rate while sleeping. When you’re asleep, your heart rate normally slows down to 40 to 60 beats a minute.

What causes low heart rate

Many things can bring on a slow heart rate. Low heart rate causes include:

Heart malfunction

The most common cause of bradycardia is a malfunction in your heart’s natural pacemaker, the sinus node. It controls how quickly the top and bottom heart chambers pump blood through the body.

AV block

Another cause of bradycardia is an atrioventricular block (AV block), in which the top and bottom chambers don’t communicate well and your heart rate drops as a result.

“It’s like having virtual electrical cables and wires inside the heart,” Dr. Baez-Escudero says. “These deteriorate as we age. Common medications used in older populations can also often make bradycardia more significant.”

Age

Age is the most common risk factor for developing bradycardia. The condition is most common among men and people assigned male at birth and women and people assigned female at birth over age 65.

Certain illnesses or conditions

Illness or other conditions may also cause bradycardia. These include:

• Heart attacks due to coronary artery disease.
• A bacterial infection in the blood that attacks your heart.
• Inflammation of your heart muscle.
• Low thyroid function.
• An electrolyte imbalance.
• Too much potassium in your blood.
• Certain medications, including beta-blockers and antiarrhythmics.
• Congenital heart defects, diabetes or long-standing high blood pressure all may make bradycardia more likely, says Dr. Baez-Escudero.

When to worry about low heart rate

If you’re concerned about a low heart rate, visiting your physician can help determine the causes. Your healthcare provider will first ask about your usual activities and conduct a physical exam.

They may use an electrocardiogram (EKG) to measure the electrical signals in your heart, in order to see whether they’re firing correctly. Wearing a 24-hour monitor can also help your doctor see how your heart performs over time.

Once they decide you might need treatment, your provider will try to rule out medications or other pre-existing conditions as causes. Sometimes, changing medications or similar strategies can solve the problem.

If not, implanting a pacemaker via minimally invasive surgery is the only option to speed up your heart rate, Dr. Baez-Escudero states.

But he notes that bradycardia isn’t often an emergency, so providers have time to choose the right treatment.

“In general, bradycardia allows time for us to evaluate the condition and rule out if any other condition is responsible,” Dr. Baez-Escudero says. “Then, we can adjust medications or take other steps if we need to.”