Locations:
Search IconSearch

Is Your Newborn Baby’s Immune System Strong Enough?

How to protect your little one from bacteria and viruses

Seated mother holds small baby facing toward her as they smile at one another

You soothe your newborn baby’s cries, and you revel in their first smile. They need you for everything — and you want to protect them from everything — but how do you safeguard their fragile immune system from sickness and flu?

Advertisement

Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy

“It’s important to consider, especially in the early weeks of a baby’s life,” says pediatrician Camille Sabella, MD.

“An infant’s immune system doesn’t mature until they’re about two to three months old,” Dr. Sabella says.

“In those first few months, the immune system — especially cell-mediated immunity — becomes more developed. This is very important in helping a child fight off viruses.”

This means that a 2-week-old baby’s immune system can’t fight viruses or bacteria nearly as well as a 3-month-old’s can.

On the bright side, the mother’s immune system does continue to protect her infant with antibodies that were shared through the placenta immediately after birth. “Those antibodies stay active for the first few weeks of a baby’s life,” Dr. Sabella says.

This offers some protection from bacteria and viruses. Breastfeeding also boosts this early immunity.

Know when to call a doctor about your baby’s sickness

There are plenty of ways to help cut down your baby’s risk of sickness.

For starters, know when you absolutely should call a doctor. This includes any of the following signs:

  • Difficult breathing.
  • Bluish skin or lip color.
  • Dehydration.
  • Fever.
  • Lethargy or failure to wake up.

Your baby’s vulnerability to viruses

Keep in mind that new babies are vulnerable to viruses. Here are some of the most common to watch out for:

Advertisement

  • Stomach virus. “Gastrointestinal viruses can present significant problems for infants,” Dr. Sabella says. They can cause dehydration resulting from diarrhea. These bugs also can quickly spread to the bloodstream if they strike during a baby’s first month of life. That kind of infection can cause liver damage, meningitis, encephalitis and heart inflammation.
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)Infants under six months of age who get this virus are often hospitalized. It can cause bronchiolitis, a condition where the small airways in the lungs swell block air flow and fill with mucus. RSV also causes pneumonia.
  • Flu. Infants get sicker with the flu than older children and adults do. “Although there is potential treatment of the flu virus, it often can turn into pneumonia or apnea,” Dr. Sabella says.

3 ways to reduce your baby’s risk of sickness

“There are things you can do to protect your baby during the first few months of life,” Dr. Sabella says.

1. Limit outside exposures

You can’t keep your baby in a bubble until they reach the six-month mark. But you can limit contact with other people. And ask visitors to wash their hands before touching the child.

“The first two months of life, we really regard as a sacred time to try to limit exposures as much as possible because babies can get viruses from people who don’t even know they’re contagious yet,” he says.

2. Watch for fever

It’s difficult for doctors to determine whether a virus or bacteria is causing an infant’s illness. So, they err on the side of caution. 

“Any fever — 100.4 degrees F or higher — will likely land your baby in the hospital for IV antibiotic treatment,” Dr. Sabella says. In some cases, doctors will order a spinal tap to rule out meningitis.

“Our ability to distinguish between a virus and a bacterial infection right up front is limited,” he says. “We often have to do everything and treat it to rule out worst-case scenarios.”

3. Keep up with vaccines

“Keeping your infant up-to-date with vaccines is critical to their health,” Dr. Sabella says, “Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.”

The whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine is particularly important. The illness is life-threatening for a child under six months of age. “Babies should receive the vaccine first at two months,” he says.

Hib and Prevnar vaccines protect against bloodstream infections and meningitis.

If you’re reading this before having your child, consider getting the flu vaccine. It isn’t given to infants. But vaccination for the mother during pregnancy protects the baby as well.

Being aware, taking common-sense precautions and connecting with a doctor as needed all can help protect your newborn baby. It’s better to be safe than sorry.

Advertisement

Learn more about our editorial process.

Related Articles

Child being fitted with a hearing aid
January 15, 2025/Children's Health
Could Your Child Have Hearing Loss? And if So, Now What?

Untreated hearing loss can affect kids’ speech and language development and their overall quality of life

Person exhaling, with hookah wand in hand, in hookah den
January 13, 2025/Lung
Yes, Hookah Is Just as Bad for You as Cigarettes

From dental diseases to cardiovascular problems, the harmful effects of smoking hookah have plenty of downsides for your health

Smiling caregiver holding up smiling baby with spit-up on face and onsie, with smiling caregiver in background, too
January 10, 2025/Children's Health
Why Do Babies Spit Up?

Regurgitation of breastmilk or formula is common, but it could be a sign of GERD in some cases

Empty glass on blue table
January 7, 2025/Brain & Nervous System
Can the Glass Test Indicate Meningitis?

Pressing a glass on a rash provides some clues, but it’s not foolproof

A parent checks a child’s thermometer while sitting on a couch
December 23, 2024/Children's Health
What To Do When Your Child Has the Flu

The flu can make kids seriously sick, so watch for signs of dehydration and breathing problems

Adult having a serious talk with a child in living room on a couch
December 20, 2024/Children's Health
How To Talk to Kids About Your (or Another Loved One’s) Serious Illness

It’s important to share the news in an honest and age-appropriate way and to open the lines of communication going forward

A parent holds a mug while their child is in bed with flushed cheeks
Should My Child Take Tamiflu?

Tamiflu can shorten your child’s illness and even help prevent the flu

Person sitting up in bed holding hot mug, with thermometer in mouth, with perspiration
What Happens When Your Body Has a Fever

When your body is fighting infection, your internal temperature rises as a defensive response

Trending Topics

Person in bed sleeping on their side, covers off
Breathing Problems? Try These Sleep Positions

If you’re feeling short of breath, sleep can be tough — propping yourself up or sleeping on your side may help

A couple looking at skyline, with one person slightly behind the other, head bent down
What Is Anxious Attachment Style — and Do You Have It?

If you fear the unknown or find yourself needing reassurance often, you may identify with this attachment style

Glasses and bottle of yellow-colored prebiotic soda, with mint, lemon and ginger garnish
Are Prebiotic Sodas Good for You?

If you’re looking to boost your gut health, it’s better to get fiber from whole foods

Ad