This form of mental manipulation makes you doubt your decisions, mistrust your judgment and question reality
The term “gaslighting” has become popular online and throughout pop culture, where it’s often used (and overused) to describe bad behaviors, like lying, guilt-tripping or shaming. But true gaslighting is a specific form of emotional abuse and mental manipulation that disrupts your ability to trust others and yourself.
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Psychologist Chivonna Childs, PhD, explains what gaslighting is, how to recognize it and what to do if it’s happening to you.
Gaslighting is when someone uses specific patterns of behavior to get another person to question their sanity and their ability to make decisions. The longer gaslighting goes on, the more the victim’s relationship with trust — in themselves, in others and in the world around them — unravels.
“Gaslighting is a form of emotional manipulation to make you feel as if your feelings aren’t valid, or that what you think is happening isn’t really happening,” Dr. Childs explains. “Over time, you start to question your self-worth, self-esteem and mental capacity.”
The word itself comes from the 1938 British play Gas Light and the 1944 film, Gaslight. In both versions, an abusive husband lies and manipulates his wife, trying to convince her that she’s “crazy” and can’t make her own choices. His goal? To gain access to her family jewels.
Today, gaslighting describes many ongoing unhealthy behaviors in the context of a relationship. It can occur in romantic relationships, as well as in the workplace, in your doctor’s office, and among family, friends and acquaintances.
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No standalone tactic or experience defines gaslighting. It’s a pattern of behavior, multiple instances of manipulation that happen over and over again.
There are many common techniques that gaslighters use. They may:
On their own, each of these behaviors is unhealthy and problematic. But together and over time, they can affect your mental health and sense of self. This can cause you to question your sanity, doubt your ability to make decisions, and even wonder what’s real and what’s not.
“The person who’s doing the gaslighting may or may not realize they’re doing it,” Dr. Childs notes. “But either way, when you’re on the receiving end, it can feel confusing and be very damaging.”
Gaslighting often happens subtly or in fits and starts. So, it’s common not to realize that you’re experiencing it or feel unsure about whether it’s really happening. That’s why gaslighting is so sinister — and so good at making you question yourself.
But if you start to notice a pattern of tactics like lying, blaming and shaming, those may be clues that you’re being gaslit. Here are some other possible signs:
Gaslighting targets your mental health by undermining your ability to think for yourself. So, your own actions and feelings can help you determine whether you’re experiencing gaslighting, too:
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Questioning your perceptions and sanity can also create or compound mental health issues, like anxiety and depression, which can lock you into a cycle of abuse.
“There are multiple ways that people become gaslighters,” Dr. Child says. “They could have learned it from their upbringing, they could have been gaslit as children or they could have narcissistic tendencies.”
Some people gaslight others just to inflict emotional pain or gain power and control over another person. But gaslighting isn’t always something that a person sets out to do. Again, they may not even realize they’re doing it.
Sometimes, people gaslight as a defense mechanism. They may launch into reactive behaviors (like lying or blaming) without thinking it through — and without realizing how it might affect other people.
“Gaslighting can be a form of projection, particularly when the perpetrator is called out on their actions. This allows them to deflect and blame others,” Dr. Childs explains. “It’s like a magic trick: They make you look to the left so you don’t see what’s going on to the right.”
Gaslighting disrupts your ability to trust others and yourself. So, what can you do about it? Dr. Childs shares some tips for finding a way forward.
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But here’s the thing about intentional gaslighting: It is impossible to reason with someone who’s doing it to you on purpose. So, sometimes, the best way to cope is to know when it’s time to leave. If you call out a gaslighter’s actions and they don’t stop (or they escalate), the only healthy response might be to leave the relationship.
“A fire cannot burn if there’s no fuel,” Dr. Childs notes. “They can’t fight if there’s no one to fight with.”
If you need help leaving an abusive relationship, help is available. Call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1.800.799.7233 for free, confidential help and resources.
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