How a Lack of Sleep Contributes to High Blood Pressure

We’ve all heard it before: Adults need to get between seven and nine hours of sleep a night to be healthy. But like a lot of health advice, that’s easier said than done. In fact, over 70 million Americans are sleep deprived.

That’s a big number. But here’s a bigger one: 75 million. That’s how many Americans have high blood pressure, also known as hypertension.

The global number is even more shocking: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1.28 billion people between the ages of 30 and 79 are living with high blood pressure — and more than 700 million of them aren’t getting treatment for it.

The more we learn about the role sleep plays in our cardiovascular health, the more obvious it becomes that the high levels of sleep deprivation and hypertension in the U.S. are no accident.

We talked to cardiologist Ashish Sarraju, MD, about how and why sleep quality and quantity impact blood pressure — and what you can do about it.

The correlation between sleep and blood pressure

One of the many things that’s frustrating about sleep is just how limited we are in our understanding of it. We know we need sleep to survive — and that not getting enough can seriously harm our health and well-being. But we don’t know exactly why that is.

But here’s what we do know: Sleep is integral to heart health. In fact, the American Heart Association recently recognized the importance of healthy sleep by adding it to their Life’s Essential 8 checklist for improving and maintaining cardiovascular health.

“There is a body of literature that indicates that poor sleep duration and poor sleep quality is significantly associated with poor blood pressure management,” Dr. Sarraju says. “Whether the relationship is causative or not, I think is less clear.”

In other words, sleep deprivation is one of many risk factors that contribute to hypertension. Some of the other factors include our age, diet, exercise, whether or not we smoke and our family history.

Nocturnal dipping

Sleeping allows for a phenomenon called “nocturnal dipping.” Dr. Sarraju describes nocturnal dipping as the idea that our blood pressure drops overnight.

“When we’re sleeping,” he says, “we see about a 10% drop in blood pressure. Researchers think it relates to our internal circadian rhythm.” That makes sense, he adds, because we make more demands on our heart when we’re awake.

If we’re not sleeping well or long enough, that dipping won’t happen. That’s a problem, Dr. Sarraju states, because “nocturnal non-dipping has been associated with increased hypertensive and cardiovascular risk.”

How much does a lack of sleep impact blood pressure?

How much a lack of sleep impacts your heart varies from person to person based on a wide range of factors, including the reason you’re not sleeping well. Dr. Sarraju observes this often in his clinic.

“Especially if someone has blood pressure that’s been deemed difficult to control, one of the things we look for is whether they may have a sleep disorder like obstructive sleep apnea,” he says. “In those cases, we encourage our patients to consider a sleep study — to get the diagnosis and be prescribed an appropriate positive airway pressure therapy, like a CPAP machine.”

Dr. Sarraju adds that “There are some circumstances where a sleep disorder like insomnia or apnea makes hypertension worse. In those cases, treating the sleep disorder can directly reduce blood pressure.”

Getting better sleep

Of course, not every person living with hypertension has a sleep disorder. For many of us, sleeplessness is a side effect of our daily lives — something over which we have limited power. Maybe you have a new baby at home who wakes you up every hour. Maybe you were born with the world’s smallest bladder. Maybe you work the night shift. Or maybe you live with chronic pain and just can’t seem to stop hurting long enough to get the rest you need.

“Getting good sleep is dependent on so many external factors, some of which may not be in the patient’s control,” Dr. Sarraju notes. That’s why he focuses on raising awareness — he understands that telling people to “just get more sleep” is the opposite of helpful.

“I think that would be counterproductive,” he continues. “I think it’s about being empowered, and knowing that — when circumstances allow — moving steadily towards better sleep hygiene may help you manage your cardiovascular health.”

Dr. Sarraju focuses his attention on optimizing sleep hygiene and helping his patients make little changes that may eventually add up to meaningful progress.

Some of the ways you can invest in rest include:

• Keeping your sleep-wake schedule consistent, even on your days off.
• Getting exercise, preferably earlier in the day.
• Using your bed exclusively for sleep and sex (reading, working and eating can all happen elsewhere).
• Removing sources of light — like televisions, laptops and even night lights — from your bedroom.
• Avoiding eating and drinking in the three hours leading up to bedtime.
• Unplugging from the news, social media and any other unnecessary stressors.
• Investing in some blackout curtains or a sleep mask to minimize light exposure.
• Either putting away electronic devices that emit blue light when the sun sets or changing the settings to dark mode.
• Steering clear of alcohol and caffeine before bedtime.
• Learning about — and taking steps to prevent — revenge sleep procrastination.

You probably aren’t going to be able to do all of these things — at least, not all at once. But that’s OK. Small steps are still steps, and even a little progress is worth making when it comes to something as important to your heart health as sleep.